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You can get billiard balls split between the colors of your favorite sports teams. And the double stitching on the neckline and sleeves add more durability to what is sure to be a favorite! Cooler colors might foster more in-depth, reflective dialogues. Similarly, the three colors of the balls in a game of 3-ball have become an instantly recognizable trademark of the game. But in more serious games, where there may be betting on the results, the color of the balls usually reverts to the yellow, blue and red combination. But for the most part, the color of billiard balls has become a visual language. Even snooker, while technically depending on numbers of points scored, has the black ball as its most highly prized color. The number of balls used in pool range from one to fifteen depending on the game type. Another way to score is by hitting the red ball first and then one cue ball for two points. A player could achieve a break of 15, for example, by first potting a red followed by a black, then another red followed by a pink, before failing to pot the next red.

Here’s an example. It’s a population ecology example, but not because population ecology is the only bit of ecology that’s about dynamical systems. That’s why colliding billiard balls are a paradigmatic example of causality in philosophy. The example is predator-prey dynamics. Purely for the sake of simplicity (because it doesn’t affect my argument at all), let’s say it’s a closed, deterministic, well-mixed system with no population structure or evolution or anything like that, so we can describe the dynamics with just two coupled equations, one for prey dynamics and one for predator dynamics. And again for the sake of simplicity, let’s say it’s a constant environment and there’s no particular time at which organisms reproduce or die (e.g., there’s no "mating season"), so reproduction and mortality are always happening, albeit at per-capita and total rates that may vary over time as prey and predator abundances vary. You knock over the first domino, which knocks over the second, which knocks over the third. It’s also the only game where one player can do almost all the work, potting the first eight balls, only for their opponent to pot the 9-ball and win! Three balls are selected, with the addition of just the one solid white cue ball, and a player plays a speed round.

Stephen Hendry became the 14th World Snooker Champion in 1990, aged 21 years and 106 days, the youngest player ever to have lifted the world title. If a player pots the cue ball in a side pocket, the opposing player can place the ball anywhere on the table. Or you can get creative and place decorative curtains around the legs. Billiard balls can at least theoretically come in any range of colors you like. MDF tables, on the other hand, what is billiards range from $700 to $1500 for a quality table. Given royalty free quality samples it shouldn't be too much work. Billiards is a free cue sports simulator. Snooker is a cue sport that is played on a rectangular table covered with green baize, with six pockets at the corners and in the middle of each long side. It has since become the most popular cue sport in China, and the major tournaments have some of the largest prize money in pool.

The rise of players like Efren Reyes and Francisco Bustamante has not only brought attention to their respective nations but has also attracted more people to the sport. People know what they’re doing with the colors they’re used to. Only the royalty and noble people were able to play. Like history, ecology is (mostly) not "just one damned thing after another." But it’s hard not to think of it that way, and to teach our students not to think of it that way. You cannot think about this dynamical system in terms of sequences of causal events. Billiards is all about sequences of causal events. Rube Goldberg machines are sequences of causal events. But ecology is mostly not like billiards, or falling dominoes, or Rube Goldberg machines. The toy car is pushed into a line of dominoes, the last of which falls onto another toy car, which rolls down a ramp and runs into a ball, which rolls down another ramp… The shooter fails to strike one of their own object balls (or the 8 ball when it is the legal ball) with the cue ball, before other balls are contacted by the cue ball. Your cue strikes the cue ball, causing it to roll into another ball, causing that ball to roll into the corner pocket.